Economics Contest 7: Tax Game – 30 Hive Power to be won

7 months ago

Hi Everyone,

Welcome to the seventh Economics Contest for 2023. This month is the Tax Game. The Tax Game might be familiar to some of you. It was introduced in the 2022 Economics Challenge Series. See, the challenge from the Challenge Series 2022 to get a better idea of how it was played.

Welcome to the Tax Game

How to Play?

Taxation is a very divisive topic. Most people do not like paying taxes. Some people believe it is a necessary evil as many initiatives cannot or should not be funded by the private sector of the economy. Others believe that the Government are inefficient and incompetent and should not be trusted with large sums of money. Some people would even claim that Governments are corrupt and focused on serving their own needs with very little or no regard for the people they claim to represent. This contest requires participants to put their beliefs regarding tax to one side. Participants need to make decisions regarding tax rate based on what they believe will happen to income and welfare based on the parameters outlined in this contest.

For this contest, participants are required to set the tax rate for a very small country. Tax has been simplified to just a percentage of overall income (i.e. no distinction between different taxes such as income tax, corporate tax, GST, etc.). The current tax rate and national income are provided in the question. The participants are required to set the tax rate yearly for the next 3 years (i.e. rate in Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3). They can choose any tax rate they please (anywhere between 0% and 100%). Changing the tax rate will have both benefits and costs. For example, lowering the tax rate will raise income but, if tax revenue falls as a result of a lower tax rate, there could be a social cost of reduced funding of services provided by the Government. However, social costs will be reduced in the following year. It has been assumed the market will partially adjust to lower or higher Government spending.

The extent of the increase in income and changes in social cost will be determined in a Microsoft Excel model. The participants will be provided a range of possible values for parameters of key determinants of income and social cost.

All entries must be made in the comments section of this post.

Each account is only permitted one entry.

Objectives of the game

Participants should aim to maximise the sum of national income for the 3 years plus or minus changes in social costs during that same period. The participant that achieves this will win the contest.

Game Assumptions

Reducing tax encourages economic activity and increasing tax discourages economic activity. The extent of the change in economic activity is determined through an algorithm (see formulae section).
Reducing tax comes with an immediate cost. The extent of this cost is determined by the welfare penalty parameter outlined in the formulae section.
The cost of reducing tax revenue is reduced over time as the economy adjusts to reduced Government expenditure. The extent of this adjustment is determine by the welfare recovery parameter (see formulae section).
Increasing tax does not produce dollar for dollar benefits. It has been assumed the social benefits of a tax increase are equivalent to half the collected dollar value.
Social benefits from tax increases are treated in the model as a negative social cost.
Participants have no control over how tax revenue is used.
Population is assumed to remain unchanged over the 3 years.
Income, tax revenue, and welfare are assumed to be unaffected by anything beyond the information described in this contest.

What information is provided?

Current National Income
Current tax rate expressed as a percentage
Current total tax revenue
Range for sensitivity of income to tax rate
Range for welfare recovery from tax shock
Range for welfare penalty parameter from tax shock

Formulae

Below are formulae used to calculate income, tax revenue, and social cost for changes in tax rate.

New Income = Existing Income × (1 - New Tax Rate^X)/(1 - Existing Tax Rate^X)
New Tax Revenue = New Income × New Tax Rate
Benefit from Increased Tax Revenue = Increase in Tax Revenue/2
Welfare Penalty for Tax Revenue Reduction (YR1) = (2 + (ETR -TR(Yr1))/ETR)^{Y/2^Y}
Welfare Penalty for Tax Revenue Reduction (YR2) = (2 + ( TR(Yr1) - TR(Yr2))/ TR(Yr1))^{Y/2^Y}
Welfare Penalty for Tax Revenue Reduction (YR3) = (2 + ( TR(Yr2) - TR(Yr3))/ TR(Yr2))^{Y/2^Y}
Social Cost (Yr1) = (ETR– TR(Yr1)) × WP(YR1)
Social Cost (Yr2) = 1/Z(ETR-TR(Yr1) × WP(YR1) + (TR(Yr2)-TR(Yr1)) × WP(YR2)
Social Cost (Yr3) = 1/Z²(ETR-TR(Yr1)) × WP(YR1) + 1/Z(TR(Yr2)-TR(Yr1)) × WP(YR2) + (TR(Yr3)-TR(Yr2)) × WP(YR3)
Net Outcome = New Income – Social Cost
Total = Net Outcome(YR1) + Net Outcome(YR2) + Net Outcome(YR3)

Where:
X = Parameter to determine sensitivity of income to tax rate. Value ranges between 1 and 1.5 (uniform distribution).
Y = Parameter to determine welfare penalty from reduced Government spending (Note: parameter excluded from tax rate increases). Value ranges between 3 and 6 (uniform distribution).
Z = Parameter for welfare recovery from changes in tax rate. Reduces impact based on the economy’s ability to adapt. Value ranges between 1 and 1.5 (uniform distribution).
ETR = Existing Tax Revenue
TR(YR) = Tax Revenue in respective year
WP(YR) = Welfare Penalty of tax revenue reduction in respective year

To gain a better understanding of the impact changing tax rate could have on income and tax revenue, see the Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Figure 1: Income at different tax rates when parameter X = 1.5 (Maximum)

ECS_C7_1.5_Income.jpg

Figure 2: Income at different tax rates when parameter X = 1 (Minimum)

Figure 3: Relationship between Tax Revenue and Tax Rate when parameter X = 1.5 (Maximum)

ECS_C7_1.5_Revenue.jpg

Figure 4: Relationship between Tax Revenue and Tax Rate when parameter X = 1 (Minimum)

Note: Values on the y-axis are based on values provided later in the question.

To gain a better understanding of the impact the welfare penalty has on social costs see Figure 5.

Figure 5: The social cost parameter of reducing tax revenue when parameter Y = 3 and 6

The welfare penalty increases as tax revenue falls. The parameter determines the extent of this increase. For example, if tax revenue is reduced by 100,000 and the parameter is 2, the social costs would be 200,000.

How are the results of the game determined?

A Microsoft Excel Model is used to determine the values of national incomes and social costs for each year. The model generates the values for the parameters for income sensitivity to tax rate, welfare penalty, and welfare recovery. The results post will contain a video of the generation of the values. The winner will be announced in both the video and written post.

Contest Prizes

The account with the winning entry will receive 30 Hive Power and the first 12 entries will be given upvotes. If two or more participants are tied, the first participant to enter wins. If no participants obtain a positive value from their winning bids, the 30 Hive Power is rolled over to next month’s contest.

Let the contest begin

Participants are required to enter tax rates for Year’s 1, 2, and 3. Information regarding the existing income, Government’s current tax rate, and tax revenue are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Existing Income, Tax Rate, and Tax Revenue

Item	Value
Tax Rate	30%
Income	447,477,020
Tax Revenue	134,234,106
Social Cost	0
Net Outcome	447,477,020

See the formulae section for the algorithms used to determine income, tax revenue, social costs/benefits, and net outcomes. The formulae section also contains the ranges for key parameters for these algorithms.

Entry format

For this challenge, I expect to see entries made in the following format:

Tax Rate Year 1:
Tax Rate Year 2:
Tax Rate Year 3:

Example of entry

Tax Rate Year 1: 27%
Tax Rate Year 2: 25%
Tax Rate Year 3: 25%

The closing date and time for this contest is 6PM coordinated universal time (UTC) 27/09/2023. Responses after this time will not be accepted. The winners will be announced in the results post along with the video containing the generation of values for each item.

I hope everyone has fun and enjoys the contest. I look forward to your participation in next month’s contest.

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